Scientists Create Artificial Blood That Can Be Produced On An Industrial Scale: A Limitless Supply Of Blood?
Scientists have found a way to produce human blood, potentially
on an industrial scale — thanks to a certain University of Edinburgh professor,
Marc Turner, and his program’s funds from the Wellcome Trust.
With this new method, scientists hope they’ll produce a sort of
“limitless” supply of type-O red blood cells, free of diseases and able to be
transfused into any patient. Blood transfusions are used to replace lost blood
after an injury or surgery. According to the National
Institutes of Health, every year five million Americans require
blood transfusions.
Through the use of
pluripotent stem cells — regular cells removed from the human body and then
transformed into stem cells — Turner and his team of researchers were able to
create blood type O red blood cells. The technique will be tested in live
humans for the first time, in a trial running through 2016 or 2017. In the experiments,
researchers will test the artificial blood on people who have thalassaemia, a
blood disorder that requires several transfusions.
“Although similar research has been conducted elsewhere, this is
the first time anybody has manufactured blood to the appropriate quality and
safety standards for transfusion into a human being,” Turner told The
Telegraph.
There are eight different blood types but four major ones,
according to the American
Red Cross. Blood types are defined by the presence of certain
antigens. Since antigens foreign to the body can trigger immune reactions, it’s
important that people who receive blood transfusions are matched with donors
who have the same blood type as them.
The four major blood
types include Group A, Group B, Group AB, and Group O — the latter which has
both A and B antibodies in the plasma, but no A or B antigens on the red blood
cells. Donors with type-O blood cells can offer their blood to any of the
others, but people with type-A can only donate to type-A or type-AB, and so on.
Blood types are also defined by a “negative” or “positive” symbol, which is
determined by the Rh factor, a third antigen. About 40 percent of the
population has type O, making it the most common blood type.
Blood transfusions were often dangerous in the past due to the
spread of diseases like hepatitis B or HIV, though today blood banks screen all
donated blood for diseases. “Although blood banks are well-stocked in the U.K.
and transfusion has largely been safe since the Hepatitis B and HIV infections
of the 1970s and 1980s, many parts of the world still have problems with
transfusing blood,” Turner told The Telegraph.
Last year, scientists from a Transylvanian university were able
to create fake blood as well, and tested it successfully on mice. However,
professor Radu Silaghi-Dumitrescu and his team from the Babes-Bolyai University
in Cluj-Napoca, Romania, did not have the resources or funding to test it in
humans. “Tests on humans are a very delicate topic, we need some very serious
licenses and they represent an enormous risk,” Silaghi-Dumitrescu said.
Likewise, blood substitutes made from stem cells, like Turner’s
project, have been experimented with before. Robert
Lanza, chief scientific officer at Advanced Cell Technology, for
example, has tried to make a very large supply of type-O blood; in 2008 the
company reported it had created 10 billion red blood cells from human embryonic
stem cells, though trillions of cells are needed for a blood transfusion. “The
goal here isn’t to put the Red Cross out of business,” Lanza told Popular
Mechanics. “Donated blood is always the first line of defense. But
with this technology, you would have a safety net.” And whether it’s Lanza,
Turner, or someone else, perhaps it’s just a matter of time before researchers
are able to successfully transfuse this fake blood into humans.
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